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With the same outlook and policies in
the southern part of his jurisdiction, Andros' first reaction to the
Susquehannock dispersion was dismay. He informed Maryland of King
Philip's War, then newly begun, and warned of the danger of a universal
rising of the tribes against Englishmen everywhere.88 At the first
opportunity he tried to repair the damage done by the southern colonies.
When Delaware Bay's Captain Cantwell reported the presence of a
Susquehannock somewhere on the bay, Andros scolded Cantwell for failing
to make immediate contact with the Indians.89 Cantwell exerted himself
and produced two Susquehannock sachems in New York on 2 June, 1676.
Andros came directly to the point with them. If the Susquehannocks would
return to live "anywhere" within his government, he said, "they shall be
welcome and protected from their Enemys." He promised not only that the
Mohawks and Senecas would be at peace with them, but also to make peace
for them with Virginia and Maryland. He passed on a Mohawk invitation
for the Susquehannocks to move in as guests. All was to be entirely as
the Susquehannocks themselves desired: "They should say whether they
will come into the Government or no. If they will not, it is well; if
they will, he will make provision for them." No wonder the
Susquehannocks departed "well satisfyed," but they had not been
empowered to conclude a treaty so they returned for consultation with
their "folks" living in sanctuary among Renowickam's Lenape.90 Somehow
they spread word of Andros' proffered protection, and their scattered
people began to drift in, some to the old fort on the Susquehanna River,
others to join the nucleus on the Delaware.
Andros' intervention was far from welcome in Maryland. The Marylanders
wanted "their" Indians under their own control. For the same commercial
reasons that Andros wanted the Susquehannocks in New York, and in spite
of all the past bloodshed, Baltimore wanted them in Maryland. In any
event he did not want them under the control of a province that he
intended to raid again. Opportunity to counter Andros' measures came by
way of the trading post of Jacob, My Friend, at the head of Chesapeake
Bay. (The trader's involvement has been obscured by successive changes
of name. Once Claeson, then Clawson, he now appears in the records as
Jacob Young.) Jacob had his own commercial reasons for keeping the
Susquehannocks nearby; if they were to leave for Mohawk country, his
trade would go with them. Amid all the intrigue, Jacob became still
another factor as he set himself to work at cross purposes with Andros
and in behalf of Baltimore. While Andros tried to get the Susquehannocks
to come to New York, Young tried to get them down to St. Mary's in
Maryland. His long friendship and influence with them, and some highly
suspect influence with Andros' commander at New Castle, won the
decision. On 4 August, 1676, the Susquehannocks came with Young and New
Castle's Captain Cantwell to the head of the Chesapeake to send a
message to the Maryland Council. The Indians asked for "peace and trade
as formerly with the English." The Council observed that Andros had
already made peace between the Susquehannocks and the Iroquois "so that
now they are at Ease and out of our reach." But "this notwithstanding,"
the Susquehannocks seemed to desire "to treate of a peace with the
English in Generall." It was a "blessing from God unhoped for,"
according to the Council. "Wee thought it not to be Slighted." A safe
conduct was dispatched at once.91
Apparently a truce was negotiated to give the Maryland Council time to
consult the province's allies, but this was far from the end of the
affair. Neither the European friends of the Susquehannocks nor the
Indian friends of Maryland were willing to let the peace be consummated
in the proposed manner. Captain Cantwell, in the first place, had
flouted Andros' policy by even permitting negotiations directly between
Maryland and the Susquehannocks. Cantwell and Jacob Young at the head of
the Chesapeake had sent the Susquehannocks' solicitation for peace with
Maryland on August 4; on the same day in New York, Andros and his
Council resolved that Cantwell should not "promise or engage anything"
but should refer the Indians to Andros himself to handle Maryland as
well as the Iroquois. Cantwell's job was to be strictly limited to
informing the Marylanders of his commands from Andros. To justify this
procedure, Andros remarked that the greatest service he could do the
Marylanders was "to take off the said Indyans lest goeing to the Mohawks
and Senecas, they might induce them to make inroads upon the Christians,
which none of us could remedy." Cantwell was further to offer a present
to the Susquehannocks, in Andros' name, to be delivered explicitly on
the Delaware rather than on the Chesapeake.92
It would seem that Captain Cantwell was not quite a good and faithful
servant. Not only did he act prematurely (perhaps on purpose) to create
an undesirable commitment, but he raised an alarm about an Indian danger
that Andros found to be nonexistent; and apparently he did not inform
Andros of his and Jacob Young's excursion to Maryland. Whatever he and
Young were up to, they failed; the truce with Maryland could not be
developed into a treaty because of unexpected complications made by
still another set of interested parties. When Maryland's Council
informed its allied Indians of the Susquehannock peace overture, the
allied Piscatawa and Mattawoman tribes objected strenuously. They had
joined the Maryland militia in pursuit of fleeing Susquehannock bandsin
all likelihood they had been militarily more effective than the
militiaand they feared retaliation. They wanted the war continued until
the Susquehannocks could not possibly survive as a serious threat. Faced
with this opposition, the Maryland Council asked whether the allies
would march under Maryland's officers against the Susquehannocks in
their rebuilt fort. The allies agreed.93 From subsequent developments,
one can see that this reply opened an interesting vista to the
Marylanders. They had never given up the hope of seizing the Delaware
Bay for themselves, and they had often played with the notion of
excusing invasion on the grounds that they were pursuing hostile Indians
into the Delaware valley. Their new maneuvers indicate that their hope
was still alive.
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Notes: |
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88 |
Andros to
Gov. of Md., 10 Dec., 1675, N. V. Col. Docs. 12: p. 543. |
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89 |
Minutes of
interviews, 2—3 June, 1676, N. V. Go!. Docs. 13: pp. 497—498. |
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90 |
Minutes, 6
Aug., 1676, Md. Arch. (Council) 15: pp. 120—124. |
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91 |
Council
minutes, 4 Aug., 1676, N. Y. Cot. Does. 12: p. 553; Andros to
Cantwell, 11 Aug., 1676, ibid. 12; p. 554. |
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92 |
Council
minutes, 4 Aug., 1676, N. Y. Cot. Does. 12: p. 553; Andros to
Cantwell, 11 Aug., 1676, ibid. 12; p. 554. |
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93 |
Minutes, 17
Aug., 1676, Md. Arch. (Council) 15: pp. 125—126. |
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